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Oftentimes, it can be useful to modify the behavior of an application without making extensive changes to the source code of the application. Specifically, one might want to intercept calls of certain functions to execute custom code before or after the execution of the original code, or one might want to retrieve or modify the parameters passed to a function. For example, it might be necessary to instrument the application for performance analysis or to add additional features to a program. In these cases when one does not have the source code available for the program, it is still possible to modify the code. Here i will present the techniques i use for the different operating systems.

Amongst many others, we support ZIP, RAR, TAR.GZ and 7Z. No need to download any software like WinRAR or 7ZIP. STEP 1 Select the archive file in the DMG format to convert to the ZIP format, you can select a file from your computer or your Google Drive or Dropbox account. STEP 2 Choose the ZIP format from the drop-down list as the output format, and click the Convert button, you can convert up to 5 files at the same time and a maximum size of up to 300 MB. The maximum version of Mac OS X, OS X, or macOS supported by each G3 and later Mac follows. For complete specs on a particular system, click the name of the Mac. For all Macs that are compatible with a specifc maximum supported version of Mac OS X - courtesy of EveryMac.com's Ultimate Mac Sort - click the OS of interest.

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Please note that i don't claim that these techniques are the best solutions for all cases.

Appendix A: Windows DLL Injection
Appendix B: Import Address Table Hooking (IAT)
Appendix C: MS-Detours 1.5 (Direct3d)
Appendix D: virtual table patching
Appendix E: Example : hiding process(es) under windows

§1 Shared Libraries & Injection/Loading

Shared libraries are code objects that may be loaded during execution into the memory space associated with a process. Library code may be shared in memory by multiple processes as well as on disk. If virtual memory is used, processes execute the same physical page of RAM, mapped into the different address spaces of each process. This has advantages. For instance on some systems, applications were often only a few hundred kilobytes in size and loaded quickly; the majority of their code was located in libraries that had already been loaded for other purposes by the operating system.
To change code in another process we must load our own shared library in the address space of the other process. On UNIX platforms (Linux/MAC-OSX) this can be achieved using the LD_PRELOAD environment variable, which instructs the loader to load the specific shared libraries. Function and other symbol definitions in the specified libraries will be used instead of the original ones.
However on Windows systems there is no such thing as LD_PRELOAD, to achieve the same result we must use a little exploit called DLL Injection (On Windows shared libraries are .DLL's, on Linux .so's and on MAC-OSX .dylib's). See Appendix A below for more information.

§2 Hooking/Detouring function calls

§2.1 UNIX/Linux

UNIX offers a simple way to override functions in a shared library with the LD_PRELOAD environment variable. When you make a twin brother of a function that is defined in an existing shared library, put it in your shared library, and you register your shared library name in DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES, your function is used instead of the original one. It is exactly the same as MAC-OSX (see below) but use LD_PRELOAD instead of DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES .
§2.2 MAC-OSX
Since MAC-OSX is also UNIX based it's almost exactly the same as in Linux, only they have renamed LD_PRELOAD to DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES and .so to .dylib. In this example I've detoured fopen from a test program. In 2003 Jonathan Rentzsch showed ways of detouring in MAC-OSX and released mach_star, but this method is way easier.

The dummy program:
Just a simple program that calls fopen.

Our detour library:
This function will get called instead of the original one (see the intro), but we still need to call the original afterwards that's what we use dlsym for.

Compiling the library:
Running the program with DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES.
You also need to define DYLD_FORCE_FLAT_NAMESPACE (doesn't matter what value it has).You can use the same technique to override a method in a class. Say there's a method named 'libfff' in a class AAA.

To override it, you first need to know the mangled symbol name of the method.

Then what you need to define is _ZN3AAA3fffEi. Don't forget removing the first '_'. If you see multiple symbols in the shared library and not sure which one to override, you can check it by de-mangling a symbol.

Now we can detour it like this.
§2.3 Microsoft Windows

This is the framework of a standard API hook. All of this resides in a DLL that will be injected into a process. For this example, I chose to hook the MessageBoxW function. Once this DLL is injected, it will get the address of the MessageBoXW function from user32.dll, and then the hooking begins. In the BeginRedirect function, an unconditional relative jump (JMP) opcode (0xE9) instruction will contain the distance to jump to. The source is fully commented.

The reason why we restore the backup before getting the return value is because if we don't do it we will get an infinite loop, we call a function that jumps to the function that calls the function again etc etc.. If you change the parameters of the call to MessageBoxW inside MyMessageBoxW every messagebox that the DLL is injected to will have those parameters. See appendix C for the MS-Detours method which is way easier and recommended.
See the diagram:

Appendix A: Windows DLL injection

NOTE: the easy way is at the end of this appendix, i will start with the hardcore method first.
Welcome to appendix A, here i will explain how to make another process load our DLL. What we do is allocate a chunk of memory in the target process with our assembly function which calls LoadLibrary, we also need to allocate space for our DLL path name. Next we suspend the main thread of our target and modify the register that holds the next instruction to be executed. Than we patch our allocated function to return/call the right addresses. When we are done we resume the main thread.
To continue we'll need a handle to a thread in the process, to achieve this one can use this function show in block A-2.

This is a prototype for the function we are going to allocate in the target process which will call loadlibrary, the addresses are left blank because we patch them later on when we have the right values.
Now, we need to pause the thread in order to get it's 'context'. The context of a thread is the current state of all of it'sregisters, as well as other peripheral information. However, we're mostly concerned with the EIP register, which points to the next instruction to be executed. So, if we don't suspend the thread before retrieving its context information, it'll continue executing and by the time we get the information, it'll be invalid. Once we've paused the thread, we'll retrieve it's context information using the GetThreadContext() function. We'll grab the value of the current next instruction to be executed, so that we know where our function should return to. Then it's just a matter of patching up the function to have all of the proper pointers, and forcing the thread to execute it. (A-3)

There is another way using the CreateRemoteThread call. It is extremely easy, and relatively efficient. Before starting though, it is important to actually find the process to inject into. The Windows API provides a great function for doing this – CreateToolhelp32Snapshot.

I didn’t bother storing the value after I called Process32First because that will always be “[System Process]”, so there’s really no need. Process32Next returns TRUE on success, so just simply putting it in a loop and pushing the name of the process it received in a vector is what is needed. Once the loop is finished, every single process should be stored in processNames. This is great and all, but where does the DLL injection come in? Well, the PROCESSENTRY32 structure also has a member that holds the Process ID. Inside that loop, while we’re pushing the process names in our vector, we’re also going to inject the DLL.
The code above is pretty straightforward, we first get the current directory and append our dll name to it so we can later allocate it in the target process memory. Then we create a new thread which calls loadlibrary with our dll path as parameter.

Appendix B: Import Address Table (IAT) Hooking

Before we jump in the Import Address Table you first need to know a bit background information, I'll start with the PE format. The Portable Executable (PE) format is a file format for executables, object code, DLLs, FON Font files, and others used in 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows operating systems. The PE format is a data structure that encapsulates the information necessary for the Windows OS loader to manage the wrapped executable code. This includes dynamic library references for linking, API export and import tables, resource management data and thread-local storage (TLS) data.
One section of note is the import address table (IAT), which is used as a lookup table when the application is calling a function in a different module. It can be in the form of both import by ordinal and import by name. Because a compiled program cannot know the memory location of the libraries it depends upon, an indirect jump is required whenever an API call is made. As the dynamic linker loads modules and joins them together, it writes actual addresses into the IAT slots, so that they point to the memory locations of the corresponding library functions. Though this adds an extra jump over the cost of an intra-module call resulting in a performance penalty, it provides a key benefit: The number of memory pages that need to be copy-on-write changed by the loader is minimized, saving memory and disk I/O time. If the compiler knows ahead of time that a call will be inter-module (via a dllimport attribute) it can produce more optimized code that simply results in an indirect call opcode.
IAT hooking has pros and cons:
Cons:
- The method you are hooking must be imported from another module, you can't just hook a certain address in memory. This is not optimal for directx hooks, since you will only find createdevice (you can use that to get the device tho) but for Opengl and such this is handy.
Pros:
- Less detectable, you can make this into a fully external hook, that should be undetected for any antivirus/cheat because it also doesn't use any malicious calls.

This will be the procedure for internal (dll must be injected in target process) hooking:
- Retrieve DOS/NT Headers
- loop through the import descriptors

then we retrieve the headers (warning:Whoever wrote the header file for the PE format is certainly a believer in long, descriptive names, along with deeply nested structures and macros. When coding with WINNT.H, it's not uncommon to have mind blowing expressions):

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Now we basicly have enough information to start making the loops to the function pointer, note that every DLL has its own IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR that's why we loop through all of them:

for (IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR* iid = pImgImportDesc; iid->Name != NULL; iid++){}

And inside this loop, we loop through the functions, if you add an int to the firsthunk you get to the next thunk and so on.

for (int funcIdx = 0; *(funcIdx + (LPVOID*)(iid->FirstThunk + (SIZE_T)module)) != NULL; funcIdx++){}
Now if you look in the import_desciptor structure you can see the name is on firsthunk +2 so
char* name = (*(funcIdx + (SIZE_T*)(iid->OriginalFirstThunk + (SIZE_T)module)) + 2
when we have the name we can compare it with our target and patch the address.the function will look like this:
And that's it! now we can just patch it:
First of all you need to make sure you have MS-Detours 1.5 downloaded and added the corresponding files to your project. I am using version 1.5 because it's the simplest to use, and it does the job nicely.
There is one important function we are going to use, its called DetourFunction. First we are going to need a typedef of the function we are going to hook (endscene in this case, since it gets called AFTER the drawing so we can add code right before that).
Now to actually hook endscene we need to retrieve the address of the original function, this can be done in two ways, the first way is to reverse a sample direct3d program to find the address of the endscene call and add that to the module base of d3d9.dll. And the second way is to use the GetProcAddress function. The problem with the first way is that it is platform dependent, the address is different on 64bit Windows from the 32bit version.
What we did here is retrieve the address with GetProcAddress and pass it as the first parameter, the second parameter is a pointer to our own detour function (hkEndScene). Now you can add drawing function to the original program, benchmarking programs make good use of this.
Whenever a class defines a virtual function (or method), most compilers add a hidden member variable to the class which points to a so called virtual method table (VMT or Vtable). This VMT is basically an array of pointers to (virtual) functions. At runtime these pointers will be set to point to the right function, because at compile time, it is not yet known if the base function is to be called or a derived one implemented by a class that inherits from the base class. The code below shows an example of a VMT hook, if you want to implement this in direct3d you need to create a new device, and use that to replace the original function in the original device.

Appendix E: Example : Hiding process under Windows

In this example i will show how one can hook the system call that retrieves the list of processes and modify it so it will skip our process. For this i will use the mhook library but you can also use any other hooking method described in this article. The system call that the task manager uses to retrieve the list of processes is called NtQuerySystemInformation msdn. On msdn we can also find the appropriate structures needed for this call.
Now all is left is define our detour function and use mhook to hook it.
First i will show our detour function.
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What we basically do here is create a loop that checks every process name, once we found our process name we skip our process and return the original call (without our process). Now we hook it using mhook.

NOTE:

Between mid October 2019 and mid February 2020 everyone in the Army was migrated to use their PIV Authentication certificate for Email access. You no longer use the Email certificate for Enterprise Email or any CAC enabled websites

Mac users who choose to upgrade (or already have upgraded) to Mac OS Catalina (10.15.x) or Big Sur (11.xx.x) will need to uninstall all 3rd Party CAC enablers per https://militarycac.com/macuninstall.htm AND reenable the native smart card ability (very bottom of macuninstall link above)

If you purchased your Mac with OS Catalina (10.15.x) or Big Sur (11.xx.x) already installed, you can skip the uninstall part above and follow the instructions below.

6 'high level' steps needed, follow down the page to make this a painless systematic process

1.	Is your CAC reader 'Mac friendly'?
2.	Can your Mac 'see' the reader?
3.	Verify which version of Mac OS you have
4.	Figure out which CAC (ID card) you have
5.	Install the DoD certificates
5a.	Additional DoD certificate installation instructions for Firefox users
6.	Decide which CAC enabler you want to use (except for 10.12-.15 & 11)

Step 1: Is your CAC reader Mac friendly?

Visit the USB Readers page to verify the CAC reader you have is Mac friendly.

Visit the USB-C Readers page to verify the CAC reader you have is Mac friendly.

'Some, not all' CAC readers may need to have a driver installed to make it work.

NOTE: Readers such as: SCR-331 & SCR-3500A may need a firmware update (NO OTHER Readers need firmware updates).

Information about these specific readers are in Step 2

Step 2: Can your Mac 'see' the reader?

Plug the CAC reader into an open USB port before proceeding, give it a few moments to install

Step 2a: Click the Apple Icon in the upper left corner of the desktop, select 'About This Mac'

Step 2b: Click 'System Report...' (button)

Step 2c: Verify the CAC reader shows in Hardware, USB, under USB Device Tree. Different readers will show differently, most readers have no problem in this step. See Step 2c1 for specific reader issues.

Step 2c1: Verify firmware version on your SCR-331, SCR-3310 v2.0, GSR-202, 202V, 203, or SCR-3500a reader. If you have a reader other than these 6, Proceed directly to step 3

Step 2c1a-SCR-331 reader

If your reader does not look like this, go to the next step.

Step 2c1b-SCR-3310 v2.0 reader

If your reader does not look like this, go to the next step.

In the 'Hardware' drop down, click 'USB.' On the right side of the screen under 'USB Device Tree' the window will display all hardware plugged into the USB ports on your Mac. Look for “SCR3310 v2.0 USB Smart Card Reader.” If the Smart Card reader is present, look at 'Version' in the lower right corner of this box: If you have a number below 6.02, it will not read the 'G+D FIPS 201 SCE 7.0' CAC on Mac OS 11.xx.x or 10.15.7. I contacted HID (the company that makes these readers) on 14 DEC 2020 to find a way to update the firmware to 6.02. They said there is not firmware update for the reader. If your reader is older, you may need a new one. Please look at: https://militarycac.com/usbreaders.htm to find a compatible one. If you are already at version 6.02, your reader should work fine on your Mac and no further hardware changes are required. You can now Quit System Profiler and continue to Step 3.

Step 2c1c-SCR-3500A reader

If you have the SCR3500A P/N:905430-1 CAC reader,you may need to install this driver, as the one that installs automatically will not work on most Macs. Hold the control key [on your keyboard] when clicking the .pkg file [with your mouse], select [the word] Open

Step 3: Verify which version of MacOS you have?

(You need to know this information for step 6)

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Step 3a: Click the Apple Icon in the upper left corner of your desktop and select 'About This Mac'

Step 3b: Look below Mac OS X for: Example: Version 10.X.X, or 11.X

Step 4: Figure out which CAC (ID Card) you have

(You need to know this information for step 6)

Look at the top back of your ID card for these card types. If you have any version other than the seven shown below, you need to visit an ID card office and have it replaced. All CACs [other than these six] were supposed to be replaced prior to 1 October 2012.

Find out how to flip card over video

Step 5: Install the DoD certificates (for Safari and Chrome Users)

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Go to Keychain Access

Click: Go (top of screen), Utilities, double click Keychain Access.app

(You can also type: keychain access using Spotlight (this is my preferred method))

Select login (under Keychains),and All Items (under Category).

Download the 5 files via links below (you may need to <ctrl> click, select Download Linked File As... on each link) Save to your downloads folder

Please know... IF You have any DoD certificates already located in your keychain access, you will need to delete them prior to running the AllCerts.p7b file below.

https://militarycac.com/maccerts/AllCerts.p7b,

https://militarycac.com/maccerts/RootCert2.cer,

https://militarycac.com/maccerts/RootCert3.cer,

https://militarycac.com/maccerts/RootCert4.cer, and

Double click each of the files to install certificates into the login section of keychain

Select the Kind column, verify the arrow is pointing up, scroll down to certificate, look for all of the following certificates:

DOD EMAIL CA-33 through DOD EMAIL CA-34,

DOD EMAIL CA-39 through DOD EMAIL CA-44,

DOD EMAIL CA-49 through DOD EMAIL CA-52,

DOD EMAIL CA-59,

DOD ID CA-33 through DOD ID CA-34,

DOD ID CA-39 through DOD ID CA-44,

DOD ID CA-49 through DOD ID CA-52,

DOD ID CA-59

DOD ID SW CA-35 through DOD ID SW CA-38,

DOD ID SW CA-45 through DOD ID SW CA-48,

DoD Root CA 2 through DoD Root CA 5,

DOD SW CA-53 through DOD SW CA-58, and

DOD SW CA-60 through DOD SW CA-61

NOTE: If you are missing any of the above certificates, you have 2 choices,

1. Delete all of them, and re-run the 5 files above, or

2. Download the allcerts.zip file and install each of the certificates you are missing individually.

Errors:

Error 100001 Solution

Error 100013 Solution

You may notice some of the certificates will have a red circle with a white X . This means your computer does not trust those certificates

You need to manually trust the DoD Root CA 2, 3, 4, & 5 certificates

Double click each of the DoD Root CA certificates, select the triangle next to Trust, in the When using this certificate: select Always Trust, repeat until all 4 do not have the red circle with a white X.

You may be prompted to enter computer password when you close the window

Once you select Always Trust, your icon will have a light blue circle with a white + on it.

The 'bad certs' that have caused problems for Windows users may show up in the keychain access section on some Macs. These need to be deleted / moved to trash.

The DoD Root CA 2 & 3 you are removing has a light blue frame, leave the yellow frame version. The icons may or may not have a red circle with the white x

or	DoD Interoperability Root CA 1 or CA 2	certificate
DoD Root CA 2 or 3 (light blue frame ONLY)	certificate
or	Federal Bridge CA 2016 or 2013	certificate
or	Federal Common Policy CA	certificate
or	or	SHA-1 Federal Root CA G2	certificate
or	US DoD CCEB Interoperability Root CA 1	certificate

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If you have tried accessing CAC enabled sites prior to following these instructions, please go through this page before proceeding

Clearing the keychain (opens a new page)

Please come back to this page to continue installation instructions.

Step 5a: DoD certificate installation instructions for Firefox users

NOTE: Firefox will not work on Catalina (10.15.x), or last 4 versions of Mac OS if using the native Apple smartcard ability

Download AllCerts.zip, [remember where you save it].

double click the allcerts.zip file (it'll automatically extract into a new folder)

Option 1 to install the certificates (semi automated):

From inside the AllCerts extracted folder, select all of the certificates

<control> click (or Right click) the selected certificates, select Open With, Other...

In the Enable (selection box), change to All Applications

Select Firefox, then Open

You will see several dozen browser tabs open up, let it open as many as it wants..

You will eventually start seeing either of the 2 messages shown next

If the certificate is not already in Firefox, a window will pop up stating 'You have been asked to trust a new Certificate Authority (CA).'

Check all three boxes to allow the certificate to: identify websites, identify email users, and identify software developers

'Alert This certificate is already installed as a certificate authority.' Click OK

Once you've added all of the certificates...
• Click Firefox (word) (upper left of your screen)
• Preferences
• Advanced (tab)
• Press Network under the Advanced Tab
• In the Cached Web Content section, click Clear Now (button).
• Quit Firefox and restart it

Option 2 to install the certificates (very tedious manual):

Click Firefox (word) (upper left of your screen)

Preferences

Advanced (tab on left side of screen)

Certificates (tab)

View Certificates (button)

Authorities (tab)

Import (button)

Browse to the DoD certificates (AllCerts) extracted folder you downloaded and extracted above.

Note: You have to do this step for every single certificate

Note2: If the certificate is already in Firefox, a window will pop up stating: 'Alert This certificate is already installed as a certificate authority (CA).' Click OK

Note3: If the certificate is not already in Firefox, a window will pop up stating 'You have been asked to trust a new Certificate Authority (CA).'

Check all three boxes to allow the certificate to: identify websites, identify email users, and identify software developers

Step 6: Decide which CAC enabler you can / want to use

Only for Mac El Capitan (10.11.x or older)

After installing the CAC enabler, restart the computer and go to a CAC enabled website

NOTE: Mac OS Sierra (10.12.x), High Sierra (10.13.x), Mojave (10.14.x), Catalina (10.15.x), and Big Sur (11.1) computers no longer need a CAC Enabler.

Try to access the CAC enabled site you need to access now

Mac support provided by: Michael Danberry

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